The Digital Divide and Post-Pandemic Learning

The pandemic accelerated school digitalization but widened the gap between the connected and the left-behind. We measure the impact on learning outcomes.

Learning loss is unevenly distributed. In low-connectivity districts, third-grade literacy lagged by up to one and a half school years.

The most effective intervention was not devices but teacher training and structured extra learning time. Technology amplifies good teaching, not replaces it.